Avoiding the next GOLD CONFISCATION.........

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Number 357, March 5, 2006
[SIZE=+1]Hurricane Duty[/SIZE]

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[FONT=Verdana,Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=+2]Avoiding the Next Gold Confiscation[/SIZE][/FONT]
by Jim Davidson


One of the readers of The Libertarian Enterprise wrote to mention that gold confiscation is a threat. It is true that in 1933, as part of the so-called "National Banking Emergency," President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all the gold in the country confiscated. Later, finding less of it had been turned in than the central planners had hoped, they raised the exchange rate from $20 per ounce to $35 per ounce—75% inflation in one go—and gave a brief amnesty.
So, how compliant were Americans? Well, the banks were very compliant. If your gold was stored in a safety deposit box in a bank's vault, some government agent probably grabbed it. Then, if you wanted it back, you'd have to prove it was antique or a collectible or otherwise exempt. Nasty.
The rest of the country, it turns out, didn't really trust the government or the banking cartel. My friend Jim Turk says about 22% of the gold was turned in, so about 78% of it was kept free. You can read his analysis and views on what may yet happen here.
Mr. Turk's views are relevant because he runs one of the most successful of the digital gold currencies, GoldMoney.com. His work for GoldMoney includes the development of a system for holding gold outside the USA, with data served from the financial privacy haven of the Channel Isle of Jersey.
Next part of this issue: is there going to be an economic crisis? Yes, I believe so. So does Jim Turk, who recently wrote with John Rubino a book entitled The Coming Collapse of the Dollar, which I reviewed here.
Another friend, Doug Casey of CaseyResearch.com calls it "The Greater Depression." He expects gold not only to go through the roof, but also to go "to the Moon!"
Many different thoughts come up in this context.
First, the best way to protect yourself is to diversify your portfolio risk by holding gold in several different ways and in different countries. More on that below.
Second, you should have some gold and silver in your possession. Ten one ounce gold coins are worth about $5300 just in metal, plus a coin premium. You can easily fit a roll of ten coins in each pocket of your trousers and have about $20K with you at all times if you like. (The cost might not be easy but it isn't coming very far down any time soon.)
Third, don't trust a bank safety deposit box, because it isn't your safety they have in mind. During the gold confiscation period, the Secret Service searched bank vaults and would rifle through the contents of any safety deposit box. They seized gold from safety deposit boxes routinely, and then made the owners prove that it was exempt (jewelry, antiques, collectibles, numismatics).
For the portfolio diversification, I would suggest you buy some gold and silver to keep on your person, some to store where you live, some to store in a place where you can go if things get rough, keep most of your ready cash in digital gold, and put some money into mining stocks.
In terms of digital gold, I suggest you buy some e-gold but store it in the 1MDC system, have some Pecunix, perhaps some GoldMoney, and some e-Bullion. Another alternative in a completely different culture as well as in a different country is e-dinar.com in Dubai. Focus on the political issues if you please, but remember that portfolio risk is less if the correlation between risky things is less, so having some gold in a completely different country may be a good way to reduce portfolio risk.
A diversified portfolio is good because it stores not only the gold in different countries, but the data about your gold account in different countries. The e-gold gold is stored in London, Zurich, and Dubai; the Pecunix gold in Zurich; the GoldMoney gold in London; the e-Bullion gold in Zurich, Perth Australia, and elsewhere. Data about the e-gold accounts is in Florida, which is a risk, but the 1MDC system works with the same e-gold, but they store their data in Singapore. So you are safer that way, I think. At my suggestion, the e-Bullion servers were moved to Switzerland last year. The Pecunix servers are in free market New Zealand.
The nice thing about digital gold is it is very sellable. Go to FreeMarketMoney.com for one of my favorite exchangers. With gold and silver to protect the value of your wealth, and digital gold to provide convenient conversion back to fiat money when you need to pay bills, I think you are much better off. There's no need to hold much fiat money except as you need it.
With regard to having some gold and silver in your possession, I think the confiscation, when it comes, will at first target the low hanging fruit—gold in stores, in storage within the USA, and in bank vaults. Later, the government may move to door to door confiscations—as they proved willing to do for guns in New Orleans last Fall. Of course, how you respond to such behavior is up to you. Guns and kevlar and ammo, gas masks and radios and cell phones and friends you can reach are all good ways to prepare for a possible attack by thugs. Keep yer powder dry.
One good thing about e-gold, you can pay for ads on The Libertarian Enterprise and donate to keep the magazine published with your e-gold account. Other liberty-oriented people such as Laissez Faire Books and Casey Research accept GoldMoney.
How easy would it be for the USA government to put the squeeze on the British government to get them to turn over gold held by Americans in offshore accounts? Well, that turns out to be much more difficult than just seizing gold in bank vaults in the States. The British run the biggest offshore tax and financial privacy haven for Americans, not only in Britain itself, but also in the Channel Isles of Jersey and Guernsey and in the Isle of Man. Ireland is also a nice tax haven for Americans. Offshore is a good place to preserve your wealth. Similarly, the USA is a great tax and financial privacy haven for British subjects. So, it is possible the USA would try to shut down the British tax havens, but it would be very tough. Britain is a nuclear power, after all. And they could make a lot of financial grief for the USA if that got started. For one thing, the British would presumably view such activity as a good reason to pull a lot of their invested capital out of the USA. Capital controls would go in place and that would probably start a global financial trade war.
GoldMoney is a good alternative, but they do require identity papers on all account holders. The data on their servers is stored in the Channel Isle of Jersey which is a privacy and tax haven, but is also compliant with the OECD/FATF "know your customer" rules. Some of us in the industry joke that "know" is meant in the Biblical sense.
Why would it be difficult for a specific account to be shut down? Well, it is a different justice system. So a federal agent would have to get the State Department to send someone to a court in Jersey and the court there would have to be persuaded that a Jersey law had been broken. It is not, for example, a violation of Jersey law to fail to pay taxes in South Africa. The courts there do comply with requests for information on drug cases, murder, and theft. Those are crimes there. But they would not have over a trillion dollars stored in banks on their tiny island if they just routinely closed accounts.
The same for Switzerland, Singapore, New Zealand. These places aren't like the USA, in that due process still means something. And the process is very different. Switzerland still has financial privacy laws that are highly regarded worldwide.
Yes, everything is vulnerable, and things change even in good countries. So, you want to protect yourself, I think, by having a diversified portfolio.
More information on some mining stocks I like is here.
The market still has not recognized the value of Lumina Resources, in my view. So, that's one to look at. Some of the others have gone up already, but I think Northgate and Newmont remain good values. And, of course, some stocks are going to trade at an extreme premium as the prices of the metals rise. During the peak of the last bull market, some stocks traded at two and three times the value of the gold in the ground, whereas right now they are trading at a discount to net assets in the ground.
In my view, based on their 43-101 compliant mining data, the measured and indicated resource for Lumina includes over ten million ounces of gold in the ground and a huge amount of copper. At recent prices for these metals, my math shows over $600 per share in measured and indicated metal—which you can buy for around 45 cents a share, Canadian. Plus, the management under Ross Beattie is just super—the same people behind the very successful Regalito Copper.
For those looking for more information on digital gold, I've built two sites to help out. One is EzEz.com which has some text tutorials. The other is Vertoro.com which has graphical tutorials. Please feel free to ask questions or send for us to help with converting a business to use digital gold more and more.
Confiscation is a very, very bad sign. It is a sign of desperation. Desperate men in power have reached those depths of depravity before, where they seize private property and call it "confiscation." I think we must conclude that since it has happened, it is possible.
Other than keeping some gold and silver where you live, and on your person when you drive around, it would make sense to have some buried where it would not be easily spotted by an aerial magnetometer survey, such as under reinforced concrete (basement, roadway) or an old junk car. If you live near any granite outcroppings, these are generally fairly good radio frequency insulators. It would make sense to be armed and be prepared to defend your property.
It would also make sense to have a portfolio of gold denominated assets including 1MDC, Pecunix, e-Bullion, and perhaps GoldMoney. Since GoldMoney cooperates with the identity paper stuff, they might be the last place raided by the state, but, ultimately, you have to choose how much you want to tell them.
As it happens, I also like the Liberty Dollar gold and silver specie and paper warehouse receipts. It is a bit of a worry that their warehouse is in Idaho, though. The servers for eLibertyDollar are in Evanston, Illinois, I think. But, anyway, you may enjoy spending silver at a store near you, and the Liberty Dollar works well, in my experience.
Finally, the gold mining stocks should give you some premium on your capital. In a period of high inflation, you have to be looking for high rates of return just to keep up.


<SMALL>Jim Davidson has been a contributor to The Libertarian Enterprise since 1995. He writes frequently about topics related to liberty, and has been published in various magazines and journals. Jim is an entrepreneur who likes to start new companies. Recently, one of his companies bought a private venture capital stock exchange (pvcse.com) and built a new gold retailing web site, Vertoro.com. You can contact Jim at planetar&# 121;jim@yahoo.com or on the web at Indomitus.net. Jim wrote this essay which is copyright © 2006 by Jim Davidson. First North American serial rights to The Libertarian Enterprise.
</SMALL>
 

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I love Jim Davidson. He does an outstanding digital gold economy analysis and report annually -- should be up at the Indomitus site pretty soon. Worth a read.


Phaedrus
 

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I need tips on buying gold. I will be investing 10g's this week...and I want all forms of it-including the physical form. I don't know if I like the ideas above of the one oz coins or not.
Also, I don't think that investing in mining co.s is a good bet if the govt starts taking over things....mining co's are the second thing(s) it will be confiscating.
 

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posted by The Falls:
need tips on buying gold. I will be investing 10g's this week...and I want all forms of it-including the physical form. I don't know if I like the ideas above of the one oz coins or not.

Not trying to be snide, but if you have $ 10,000.00 to invest in gold, you're not going to have a whole lot of options other than one-ounce coins (i.e. a ten-ounce bar is nearly $7,000 right now ... a kilo bar over $20,000 ...) Besides, despite marginally higher premiums, 1oz are the most universally liquid and are easy to drop off incrementally as your needs/roi dictate.


Phaedrus
 

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That's info I'm looking for....I hear that owning paper that represents gold is not near as safe an investment as the physical form. Thanks
 
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The Falls,
I have been investing in metals (70%Gold.30% silver) for the last some years. A few things about this thread and about investing in gold in general:
1: There will NOT be another Gold confiscation. They have been talking this b.s for years. It will not happen.
2. If you are going to buy gold, Buy PHYSICAL..No pool accounts and NEVER in those shady "Digital" gold outfits.
3. Stay away from mining companies.I have seen too many of these companies go tits up overnight.Too risky
4. Like Phaedrus said, If you are going to spend 10k to start stay away from the 10 ouncers and such. They are much less liquid and while the eagles carry a premium when you sell you will get a premium back as well. 1 ounce eagles are your best bet(Non 2007).

Financial "Touts" say the metals market is overbought. Don't believe them.They have been saying it for the last 18 months. Add up the sagging value of the dollar, Further instability in the world economy, the coming "war" with Iran (which starts the minute Israel does it's pre-emptive strike) and the coming turn in the markets and all the metals look real good.I have not sold 1 oz of Gold or Eagle in 3 years and have no plans to for a long time. I honestly see gold touching $770 this year and Silver touching $18. While this is my opinion and i'm no financial expert i have been following Gold for the last 5 years and have been pretty spot on thru this run up.

Also, If you are going to invest the money do yourself a favor and buy from Apmex.com (I am not a Apmex employee btw,lol).I have bought from Kitco, Bulliondesk,Ebay,Shows etc... You will not find a more professional and better priced outfit out there. They have BETTER prices than ebay and you will not get taken (unlike ebay). Also, If you pay by any other method than a credit card shipping and FULL insurance is only $19.99 no matter how heavy/expensive the order. No one can beat that.
Another great thing about them is that they will buy gold from you and are the only major bullion dealer online that i have seen that pays a premium
on Eagles.

If you need any other feedback or advice feel free to ask.
 

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I second the recommendation for Apmex but this comment:

2. If you are going to buy gold, Buy PHYSICAL..No pool accounts and NEVER in those shady "Digital" gold outfits.

Could use a whole lot more research. There is nothing shady about any of the digital gold providers currently in business, and nothing wrong per se with pool accounts from a reputable provider like Kitco.

But for in-hand physical Apmex is very hard to beat. Every now and again CNI will be able to beat them on prices, especially if you're doing a larger order or even a medium one -- CNI pays shipping and insurance charges on orders over $ 1,000

Still, in all seriousness, don't spread poor intelligence on the DGC industry. I've used e-gold since 1998 and have used all of the main providers at one point or another.


Phaedrus
 
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I second the recommendation for Apmex but this comment:



Could use a whole lot more research. There is nothing shady about any of the digital gold providers currently in business, and nothing wrong per se with pool accounts from a reputable provider like Kitco.

But for in-hand physical Apmex is very hard to beat. Every now and again CNI will be able to beat them on prices, especially if you're doing a larger order or even a medium one -- CNI pays shipping and insurance charges on orders over $ 1,000

Still, in all seriousness, don't spread poor intelligence on the DGC industry. I've used e-gold since 1998 and have used all of the main providers at one point or another.


Phaedrus


Let me ask this then.. Have there been instances of these "E-gold types" that have pulled major scams over the last 5 years?I see you use the word "currently", I wonder why. If you follow the metals (which obviously you do)you know the answer. Even E-gold itself has "questionable" connections and is full of scammers if i remember correctly. I myself (and other goldbugs i know feel the same) would never get involved with the likes of E-gold.

As for Kitco, I know about the pool accounts and while they are legit anything can happen and i would rather have my metals in hand when the shit hits the fan.
 
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I did some "research" as advised....

Per Wikipedia:

e-gold has been percieved as the medium of choice for many online con-artists, with pyramid schemes and HYIPs ("High Yield Investment Programs") commonplace. This has been blamed on e-gold's policy of irreversible transactions. However, e-gold are now blocking accounts where fraud is proven or suspected [10].

e-gold and OmniPay have also been accused of being a medium for money laundering, although this is questionable given that there were only 24 customer accounts holding over 10kg of gold (approximate value $200,000) by April 2006 [11]. As digital gold currency providers are not banks, they are not legally required to perform various sorts of "know your customer" background checks. However, many legitimate e-gold exchange providers, for example GoldNow, may require a higher level of identification, generally more intrusive than a bank, for security purposes.

Opening an account at www.e-gold.com takes only a few clicks of a mouse. Customers can use a false name if they like because no one checks. With a credit card or wire transfer, a user buys units of e-gold. Those units can then be transferred with a few more clicks to anyone else with an e-gold account. For the recipient, cashing out — changing e-gold back to regular money — is just as convenient and often just as anonymous. [12]

In January 2006, BusinessWeek reported on the use of the e-gold system by ShadowCrew, an 4000-strong international crime syndicate involved in massive identity theft and fraud [13]. Omar Dhanani of Fountain Valley, California, connected to the ShadowCrew, is an e-gold customer and is reported to have moved amounts ranging from $40,000 to $100,000 a week from proceeds of crime through e-gold [14].

In response, Chairman and founder, Dr. Douglas Jackson published a letter which stated that "e-gold operates legally and does not condone persons attempting to use e-gold for criminal activity. e-gold has a long history of cooperation with law enforcement agencies in the US and worldwide, providing data and investigative assistance in response to lawful requests." He further noted that "Our staff has participated in hundreds of investigations supporting the FBI, FTC, IRS, DEA, SEC, USPS, and others." [15].

In August 2006, WORLDLawDirect lawyers announced e-gold Ltd. officials and their legal counsel to be the subject of a U.S. Federal Court subpoena. They believe e-gold Ltd. is subject to U.S. Federal Court jurisdiction and may be held liable for some or all of the investors' losses (and potential triple damages) in the Solid Investment (Solidinvestment.com) large scale HYIP scam [16].




Also found interesting that the only payment method that will get a seller's account closed on ebay immediately is E-Gold...I wonder why?


Don't have that problem holding physical.... No thanks
 

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I did some "research" as advised....

Per Wikipedia:

In August 2006, WORLDLawDirect lawyers announced e-gold Ltd. officials and their legal counsel to be the subject of a U.S. Federal Court subpoena. They believe e-gold Ltd. is subject to U.S. Federal Court jurisdiction and may be held liable for some or all of the investors' losses (and potential triple damages) in the Solid Investment (Solidinvestment.com) large scale HYIP scam [16].




Also found interesting that the only payment method that will get a seller's account closed on ebay immediately is E-Gold...I wonder why?


Don't have that problem holding physical.... No thanks


Ebay and paypal are in bed with the world's most dangerous criminals, ie. the US government. If they don't like a payment method, that's probably a good sign. But I do agree there's nothin' like the real thing.
 
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Ebay and paypal are in bed with the world's most dangerous criminals, ie. the US government. If they don't like a payment method, that's probably a good sign. But I do agree there's nothin' like the real thing.


Even though i mentioned Ebay don't get me wrong as i know how dirty Ebay/Paypal are and am no fan of either.

As for "nothin' like the real thing".....Amen:suomi:
 

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#7

Let me ask this then.. Have there been instances of these "E-gold types" that have pulled major scams over the last 5 years?

Sure, unlike banks PayPal Western Union cash etc. which are never, ever, ever used for fraudulent or nefarious purposes.

I see you use the word "currently", I wonder why.

There were a couple of notable frauds a few years ago, such as OSGold and Standard Reserve. The market self-corrected.

Even E-gold itself has "questionable" connections and is full of scammers if i remember correctly.

You have to know something to remember it. You remember reading some nonsense, or you made this up in your head.

I myself (and other goldbugs i know feel the same) would never get involved with the likes of E-gold.

I know, I see morons making statements like this at goldbug forums all the time.

Much of the media coverage of e-gold and other DGCs has had a negative slant to it ... and the Wikipedia article has been hit for POV again and again since it was first published. Nice research.

Also found interesting that the only payment method that will get a seller's account closed on ebay immediately is E-Gold...I wonder why?

I dunno, maybe because you'll believe any stupid shit you read on the internet, if it backs up your preconceived notions? Why not consult with eBay on the matter of its payment policies? Seems rational.

Don't have that problem holding physical.... No thanks

Physical bullion isn't used by con artists and money launderers and terrorist financiers and so forth?

When you're offering advice to people why not stick to stuff you actually know? You obviously don't know what you're talking about with regards to DGCs, as you had to look up the quickest negative stuff you could find when I pointed this out (nicely) the first time. I don't care what you think e-gold; I was just suggesting that you not spread bad intelligence on it (or on anything really, what's the point?)


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Checked out apmex.com...there's lots of options here. What are the best options to buy? How can I assume that the gold coins keep their value (i.e. if they are damaged)?
And I guess I am supposed to hold on to the gold until the economy crashes right?
 

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Being in the US there are some benefits to buying US-issued Eagles, either the 22k or the new 24k ones. Primarily, unlike foreign-issued bullion coins, US-issued ones can be bought and sold by your 401(k) or IRA, which confers some tax advantages (if you're into that kind of thing.) Aside from that, in my experience Canadian Maple Leafs, Krugerrands and Eagles have the best liquidity, Krugerrands have the lowest premiums over spot, and Krugerrands and Vienna Philharmonics are best for traveling.

Whether or not there is a confiscation and/or major economic collapse coming is highly debatable. But owning at least some metals is a very good idea as they tend to hedge well against inflation -- no matter how high it gets -- and are a good, portable, "universally valued" asset. A stock can fall through the floor, real estate is literally bolted to the ground, etc. Everything has its downside, and gold addresses most of those downsides. The downside to gold is mainly financial risk of buying high and losing out in the short-term if prices swing back. I'm sure there are many people who bought at last year's $700+ per ounce highs who are still rubbing Budreaux on their anuses trying to get the burning sensation to stop.


Phaedrus
 
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Checked out apmex.com...there's lots of options here. What are the best options to buy? How can I assume that the gold coins keep their value (i.e. if they are damaged)?
And I guess I am supposed to hold on to the gold until the economy crashes right?


If you want a small premium go with 1oz gold Eagles. If you want to get into silver buy 90% coins (If you have a place to store as it gets bulky) on ebay as you can get them below spot with a little research. Also, 1oz bars are a good option too(they go for about $15-20 over spot on ebay but Apmex sells them for only $4 over)

As for if a coin is damaged
Little nicks, scratches etc...won't make a difference with bullion. Just keep them in rolls or cases and they will be fine.


Btw, Were you able to get in? We had a nice move of almost $40 over the last 3 days and it looks like $700 is on the horizon. I think it holds this time as the run up has been more steady and methodical then the last attempt @ $700 which was basically panic buying.
 

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If you want a small premium go with 1oz gold Eagles. If you want to get into silver buy 90% coins (If you have a place to store as it gets bulky) on ebay as you can get them below spot with a little research. Also, 1oz bars are a good option too(they go for about $15-20 over spot on ebay but Apmex sells them for only $4 over)

As for if a coin is damaged
Little nicks, scratches etc...won't make a difference with bullion. Just keep them in rolls or cases and they will be fine.


I am still looking...I'm going to probably do the deal on monday or tuesday next week...I think the market will dip before continuing over $700.
I'm confused...I plan on buying the 1 oz bars and the 1 oz gold eagles.
-On the 1 oz bars..which brand: pamp suisse or credit suisse or does it matter?
The bars seem more "reliable."

-Also, there are different prices for the coins based on the years for the gold eagle coins...which are optimal?

-Very confused on the silver 90%. What does this exactly mean..............
$10 Face Value 90% Silver Rolls (Roughly 7.15 Ounces Pure) ?
This cost is 106.97. How does one know that there is roughly 7.15 oz of silver in these coins?

TIA
 
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I am still looking...I'm going to probably do the deal on monday or tuesday next week...I think the market will dip before continuing over $700.
I'm confused...I plan on buying the 1 oz bars and the 1 oz gold eagles.
-On the 1 oz bars..which brand: pamp suisse or credit suisse or does it matter?
The bars seem more "reliable."

-Also, there are different prices for the coins based on the years for the gold eagle coins...which are optimal?

-Very confused on the silver 90%. What does this exactly mean..............
$10 Face Value 90% Silver Rolls (Roughly 7.15 Ounces Pure) ?
This cost is 106.97. How does one know that there is roughly 7.15 oz of silver in these coins?

TIA


I agree with the dip comment. Imho Monday is going to be a telling day. If New York knocks it down at the open it could be the "dip" you are looking for. If they are unable to manipulate it i see $700 gold/$15 silver this coming week.

As for Bars against Eagles, I think you are safe with either.Both have their advantages although the Eagles are backed by the U.S Government for purity and weight. I don't have a preference on either Credit or Pamp Suisse, They both are high quality.

As for different years costing different amounts.
You only need to worry about that for numismatic purposes if collecting that way. If buying as investment bullion just buy the lowest priced years. They all weigh the same.

As for the 90% silver. While Apmex is great for most bullion/coins their prices on 90% is a little high.. I have been buying 90% on ebay for the last 12 months or so and have been getting $100 face 90% for about $940 average (with shipping) over the last week.As a matter of fact i know a guy who has been unloading a huge estate of 90% silver (and other stuff). I will email him and see how much he has left and i can give you his ebay Id and you contact him. Nice guy with high feedback who sells ALOT of coins. At the current silver price i would imagine you could get $10 face lots for $93-$94 delivered. As for the silver content, I have refined plenty of 40% and 90% silver and have never really had a problem with it being off more than 1%.

Hope that helps
 

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Thanks alot. Let me know the guy's ebay ID if you can-I'll get the silver through this guy if his price is that good.
 

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Anyways. I got in last night at 685. I got more today at 675 and silver at 14.40.

I will get more gold throughout the next couple of days as it continues to fall a little more.

I like Silver to go up more than gold though. Apparently the gold-silver ratio throughout history has been closer to 20-1 as opposed to 60-1 or 46-1.
 

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Gold continues its plunge as the peoples are getting liquid. Breaking previous supports....not worried though. Will add a little more if it breaks 650.
-Feels good owning physical metals for the first time. Since I'm not looking to ever trade these metals-unless things get really tight-these recent fluctuations are meaningless/manipulated imo.

I still don't understand how TBills are more comforting than gold?
Speaking of gold..and the war with iraq/iran and the best possible reason why we are doing what we are doing:



THE PROPOSED IRANIAN OIL BOURSE
by Krassimir Petrov, Ph.D.
Austrian Macro Economist/Investment Strategist
Commissioned by: J. Douglas Bowey and Associates
January 20, 2006


Abstract
The American Empire depends on the U.S. dollar. The proposed Iranian Oil Bourse
will accelerate the fall of the U.S. dollar and hence the fall of the American Empire.


I. Economics of Empires
A nation-state taxes its own citizens, while an empire taxes other nation-states. The history of empires, from Greek and Roman, to Ottoman and British, teaches that the economic foundation of every single empire is the taxation of other nations or of their subjects. The imperial ability to tax has always rested on a better and stronger economy, and as a consequence, a better and stronger military that peacefully or militarily enforced the tax. One part of those taxes went to improve the living standards of the empire and the other part went to reinforce the military dominance necessary to enforce those taxes.

Historically, taxing the subject state has been in various forms, usually gold and silver, where those were considered money, but also slaves, soldiers, crops, cattle, or other agricultural and natural resources, whatever economic goods the empire demanded and the subject-state could deliver. Historically, the taxation has always been direct: the subject state handed over the money (gold/silver) or the economic goods directly to the empire.

For the first time in history, in the twentieth century, America was able to tax the world indirectly—not by enforcing the direct payment of taxes like all of its predecessor empires did, but by distributing its own currency, the U.S. Dollar, to other nations in exchange for goods with the intended consequence of devaluing over time those dollars and paying back later each dollar with less economic goods. The difference between the value of the dollar during the initial purchase and the devalued dollar during the repayment was the U.S. imperial tax. Here is how this happened.

Early in the 20th century, the U.S. economy began to dominate the world economy. At the time the U.S. dollar was tied to gold, so that the dollar neither increased, nor decreased its value, but was always convertible into the same amount of gold. The Great Depression with its the preceding inflation from 1921 to 1929 substantially increased the amount of paper money in circulation without the correspondent increase in gold. This rendered the effective backing of the U.S. dollar by gold impossible. As a consequence, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt decoupled the dollar from gold in 1932. Up to this point, the U.S. may have well dominated the world economy, but from an economic point of view, it was not technically an empire. The fixed value of the dollar for gold did not allow the Americans to extract economic benefits from other countries by supplying them with gold-backed dollars.

Economically, the American Empire was born with the establishment of the Bretton Woods system in 1945. The dollar was made only partially convertible to gold—convertibility to gold was available to foreign governments only, but not to private institutions. At this time the US dollar was established as the international reserve currency. This was possible, because during WWII, the United States had supplied its allies with food and military provisions, accepting gold as payment, thus accumulating significant portion of the world’s gold.

An economic Empire would not have been possible if the dollar remained fully backed by gold, i.e., if the dollar supply was kept limited and within the availability of gold, so as to exchange back dollars for gold at the pre-agreed exchange ratio. However, the dollar supply was actually increased far beyond its gold backing and handed over to foreigners in exchange for economic goods. There was no prospect of buying back those dollars at the same value—the amount of gold was not sufficient to redeem those dollars, while the quantity of dollars continually increased, so that those dollars constantly depreciated. The constant depreciation of the increasing dollar holdings of foreigners via persistent U.S. trade deficits was tantamount to a tax—an inflation tax.

When in 1971 foreigners demanded payment for their dollars in gold, The U.S. Government defaulted on its payments on August 15. The popular spin of this default was that “the link between the dollar and gold was severed”. The proper interpretation is that the U.S. Government went bankrupt, just like any commercial bank is declared bankrupt.

However, by doing so, the U.S. declared itself an Empire. It had extracted an enormous amount of economic goods from the rest of the world, with no intention or ability to return those goods. The world was effectively taxed and it could not do anything about it: it could not force the U.S. in bankruptcy proceedings and take possession of its gold and other assets for payment, nor could it take forcefully what it was owed by declaring war and winning it. Essentially, the U.S. imposed on the world an inflation tax and collected an imperial seigniorage!

From that point on, to sustain the American Empire and to continue to tax the rest of the world via inflation, the United States had to force the world to continue to accept ever depreciating dollars in exchange for economic goods and to have the world hold more and more of those dollars, while those dollars depreciated. It had to give the world an economic reason to hold dollars, and that reason was oil.

In 1971, as it became clear that the U.S. Government would not be able to buy back its dollars for gold, it prepared an alternative arrangement to hold the world hostage to its fiat dollar: during 1972-1973 it struck an iron-clad arrangement with Saudi Arabia—to support the rule of the House of Saud in exchange for accepting only dollars as a payment for Saudi oil. By imposing the dollar on the OPEC’s leader, the dollar was effectively imposed on all OPEC members. Because the world had to buy oil from the Arab oil countries, it had the reason to hold dollars as payment for oil. Because the world needed ever increasing quantities of oil at an ever increasing oil prices, the world’s demand for dollars could only increase. Even though dollars were no longer exchangeable for gold, they were now exchangeable for oil.

The economic essence of this arrangement was that the dollar was now backed by oil. As long as that was the case, the world had to accumulate increasing amounts of dollars, because those dollars were needed to buy oil. As long as the dollar was the only payment for oil, its dominance in the world was assured, and the American Empire could continue to tax the rest of the world. If, for any reason, the dollar lost its oil backing, the American Empire would cease to exist, because it would no longer be able to tax the world by making them accumulate ever more dollars. Thus, Imperial survival dictated that oil be sold only for dollars. It also implied that oil reserves were spread around various sovereign states that none was strong enough, economically or militarily, to demand payment for oil in something other than dollars. If someone demanded a different payment, he had to be convinced, either by political or by military means, to change his mind.

The man that actually did demand Euro for his oil was Saddam Hussein in late 2000. At first, his demand was met with ridicule, later with neglect, but as it became clearer that he meant his demand and even converted his $10 billion reserve fund at the U.N. into Euro, political pressure was exerted to change his mind. Other countries, like Iran, also wanted payment in other currencies, most notably Euro and Yen. The danger to the dollar was clear and present, so a punitive action was in order. Bush’s war in Iraq was not about existing weapons of mass destruction, about defending human rights, about spreading democracy, or even about seizing oil fields. It was about defending the dollar, ergo the American Empire; it was about setting an example that anyone who demanded payment in currencies other than U.S. Dollars would be likewise punished.

Many have criticized Bush for staging the war in Iraq in order to seize Iraqi oil fields. However, those critics can’t explain why Bush would need to seize those fields—he could simply print dollars for nothing and use them to get all the oil in the world that he needs. He must have had some other reason to invade Iraq.

History teaches that an empire goes to war for one of two reasons: (1) to defend itself or (2) benefit from war. Economically speaking, in order for an empire to initiate and conduct a war, its benefits must outweigh its military and social costs. Benefits from Iraqi oil fields are hardly worth the long-term, multi-year military cost. Bush went into Iraq to defend the American Empire. Indeed, this is the case: two months after the United States invaded Iraq, the Oil for Food Program was ended, the country’s accounts were switched back to dollars, and oil began to be sold once again only for U.S. dollars. No longer could the world buy oil from Iraq with Euro. Global dollar supremacy was once again restored. Bush descended from a fighter jet and declared himself the victor: the mission was indeed accomplished—Bush successfully defended the U.S. dollar, and thus the American Empire.


II. Iranian Oil Bourse
The Iranian government has recently proposed to open in March 2006 an Iranian Oil Bourse that will be based on an euro-based oil-trading mechanism that naturally implies payment for oil in Euro. In economic terms, this represents a much greater threat to the hegemony of the dollar than Saddam’s, because it will allow anyone willing either to buy or to sell oil for Euro to transact on the exchange, thus circumventing the U.S. dollar altogether. If so, then it is likely that much of the world will eagerly adopt this euro-denominated oil system:

The Europeans will not have to buy and hold dollars in order to secure their payment for oil, but would instead use with their own currency.
The Chinese and the Japanese will be especially eager to adopt the new exchange. It will allow them to drastically lower their enormous dollar reserves and diversify them with Euros. One portion of their dollars they will still want to hold onto; another portion of their dollar holdings they may decide to dump outright; a third portion of their hoards they will decide to use up for future payments without replenishing their dollar holdings, but building up instead their euro reserves.
The Russians have economic interest in adopting the Euro – the bulk of their trade is with European countries, with oil-exporting countries, with China, and with Japan. Adoption of the Euro will immediately take care of the first two blocs, and will over time facilitate trade with China and Japan. Also, Russians seemingly detest holding depreciating dollars, for they have recently found a new religion with gold: their central bank is diversifying out of dollars and accumulating gold. Russians have also revived their nationalism; if embracing the Euro will stab the Americans, they will gladly do it and smugly watch the Americans bleed.
The Arab oil-exporting countries will eagerly adopt the Euro as a means of diversification against rising mountains of depreciating dollars. Just like the Russians, their trade is mostly with European countries, and therefore will prefer the European currency both for its stability and for avoiding currency risk.
Only the British will find themselves between a rock and a hard place. They have had a strategic partnership with the U.S. forever, but have also had their natural pull from Europe. So far, they have had many reasons to stick with the winner. However, when they see their century-old partner falling, will they firmly stand behind him or will they deliver the coup de grace? Still, we should not forget that currently the two leading oil exchanges are the New York’s NYMEX and the London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), even though both of them are effectively owned by Americans. It seems more likely that the British will have to go down with the sinking ship, for otherwise they will be shooting themselves in the foot by hurting their own London IPE interests. It is here noteworthy that for all the rhetoric about the reasons for the surviving British Pound, the British most likely did not adopt the Euro namely because the Americans must have pressured them not to: otherwise the London IPE would have had to switch to Euros, thus mortally wounding the dollar and their strategic partner.

At any rate, no matter what the British decide, should the Iranian Oil Bourse gain momentum and accelerate, the interests that matter—those of Europeans, Chinese, Japanese, Russians, and Arabs—will eagerly adopt the Euro, thus sealing the fate of the dollar. Americans cannot allow this to happen, and if necessary, will use a vast array of strategies to halt or hobble the exchange’s operations:

Sabotaging the Exchange—this could be a computer virus, network, communications, or server attack, various server security breaches, or a 9-11-type attack on main and backup facilities.
Coup d’état—this is by far the best long-term strategy available to the Americans.
Negotiating Acceptable Terms & Limitations—this is another excellent solution to the Americans. Of course, a government coup is clearly the preferred strategy, for it will ensure that the exchange does not operate at all and does not threaten American interests. However, if an attempted sabotage or coup d’etat fail, then negotiation is clearly the second-best available option.
Joint U.N. War Resolution—this will be, no doubt, hard to secure given the interests of all other members of the Security Council. Recent rhetoric about Iranians developing nuclear weapons undoubtedly serves to prepare this course of action.
Unilateral Nuclear Strike—this is a terrible strategic choice for all the reasons associated with the next strategy, the Unilateral Total War. The American will likely use Israel to do their dirty nuclear job.
Unilateral Total War—this is obviously the worst strategic choice. First, the U.S. military resources have been already depleted with two wars. Secondly, the Americans will alienate other powerful nations. Third, major reserve countries may decide to quietly retaliate by dumping their own mountains of dollars, thus preventing the U.S. from further financing its militant ambitions. Finally, Iran has strategic alliances with other powerful nations that may trigger their involvement in war; Iran reputedly has such alliance with China, India, and Russia, known as the Shanghai Cooperative Group, a.k.a. Shanghai Coop.
Whatever the strategic choice, from a purely economic point of view, should the Iranian Oil Bourse gain momentum, it will be eagerly embraced by major economic powers and will precipitate the demise of the dollar.


III. The Demise of the Dollar
The collapsing dollar will dramatically accelerate U.S. inflation and will pressure short-term and long-term interest rates much higher. At this point, the Fed will find itself between two equally disastrous options—deflation or hyperinflation. The first option, deflation, known in the international finance literature as the “classical medicine”, requires stopping the monetary expansion and raising interest rates, thus inducing a major economic depression, a collapse in real estate prices, and an implosion in bond, stock, and derivative markets, most likely precipitating a total financial collapse. The alternative option is to take the easy way out by inflating, whereby the Fed pegs the long-bond yield, raises the Helicopters and drowns the financial system in liquidity, bailing out numerous LTCMs and hyperinflating the economy.

The Austrian theory of money, credit, and the business cycle teaches us that ultimately there is no in-between the mythological Scylla and Charybdis scenario—between deflation and hyperinflation. Sooner or later, as pressure on the dollar rises and inflation rears its ugly head, the monetary system must swing one way or the other, forcing the Fed to make its choice. There is no doubt that the newly-appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, an renowned scholar of the Great Depression and an adept helicopter pilot, will choose the latter course of action—hyperinflation. Bernanke has learnt well the lessons of the Great Depression and the destructiveness of deflations. He has also learnt well from the Maestro the panacea of every financial problem—to inflate his way out, come hell or high water. He has even devised ingenious unconventional ways around the deflationary liquidity trap and teaches the Japanese how to apply them. To avoid deflation, he has publicly stated that he will accelerate the printing presses and “drop money from helicopters”. If necessary, he will monetize everything in sight. He will ultimately destroy the American currency in Hyperinflation.

Hyperinflations, however, do not happen in an instant. It usually takes years before the final collapse. The Weimar hyperinflation began around 1920 and ended in 1923 with the total destruction of the currency. Similar was the fate of some post-communist countries: it took Russia and Bulgaria 7-8 years to hyperinflate their currencies before they ultimately destroyed them.

However, because the dollar is the reserve currency of the world, hyperinflating the dollar will be fundamentally different in two ways from all hyperinflations in history. On the one hand, there are tens of trillions of dollar-denominated debt and hundreds of trillions of dollar-denominated derivatives. Given that the ratio of currency to debts and derivatives is tiny, the coming hyperinflation must be necessarily of epic proportions. On the other hand, central banks around the world will fight tooth and nail to support the dollar, so that world financial system does not collapse and that their reserves do not evaporate into the nothingness. Many central banks will choose willy-nilly to support the dollar by inflating their own currencies. Thus, these two powerful forces will drive the dollar in opposite directions. Its inevitable demise may be swift and sudden, or it may be protracted and painful.

Whatever the speed of hyperinflation, ordinary Americans will have few available options to protect themselves—during crises, peoples’ first instinct is to resort to more “stable” fiat currencies of neighboring countries, like the Canadian Dollar and the Mexican Peso, but their availability will prove limited and complicated as people will most likely have to cope with governmentally-imposed capital controls. Next, people instinctively convert hyperinflating currencies to hard assets like land and real estate, but sellers refuse to accept the hyperinflating currency and quickly disappear from the market. Having run out of meaningful options to protect themselves, ordinary people will have little choice, but to convert their dollars to hard currencies like gold and silver, thus driving their prices much higher. On the other hand, central banks have no other options but gold. First, in times of crises, central banks fear the risk inherent in all fiat currencies. Moreover, not even the largest fiat currencies will accommodate their need to convert their reserves. Also, it is not practical for central banks to hold real estate and land. Thus, central banks will have no alternative, but to scramble to convert their reserves to the only hard currency known to man—gold. Historically, in times of crises, gold has always been the ultimate safe haven. When people and central banks flee en masse to gold, its value has always skyrocketed. This time, it will be no different.
 

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