AWOL: Absent Without Official Leave
In the
United Kingdom,
United States and
France, military personnel become AWOL (
Absent
Without
Official
Leave, pronounced "A-Wall"(US) or "A-Wol"(UK) ) when they are absent from their post without a valid
pass or
leave. The United States Marine Corps and United States Navy generally refer to this as Unauthorized Absence, or "UA." Such people are dropped from their unit rolls after 30 days and then listed as
deserters. However, as a matter of U.S.
military law, desertion is not measured by time away from the unit, but rather:
- by leaving or remaining absent from their unit, organization, or place of duty, where there has been a determined intent to not return;
- if that intent is determined to be to avoid hazardous duty or shirk important responsibility;
- if they enlist or accept an appointment in the same or another branch of service without disclosing the fact that they have not been properly separated from current service; or
- if they enter a foreign armed force not as authorized by the United States.
A person holding a
top secret security clearance is a deserter rather than AWOL, because of the
national security implications of the material to which they have access.<SUP class="noprint Template-Fact">
[citation needed]</SUP>
People who are away for more than 30 days but return voluntarily or indicate a credible intent to return may still be considered
AWOL, while those who are away for fewer than 30 days but can credibly be shown to have no intent to return (as by joining the
armed forces of another
country) may nevertheless be tried for
desertion or in some rare occasions
treason if enough evidence is found.
In the United States, before the
Civil War, deserters from the Army were
flogged, while after 1861
tattoos or
branding were also adopted. The maximum U.S. penalty for desertion in wartime remains
death, although this punishment was last applied to
Eddie Slovik in
1945.
"To go U.A.," a variant of the expression "to go AWOL," is used in the
U.S. Navy and
Marine Corps ("U.A." stands for "unauthorized absence").
AWOL/UA may be punished with
nonjudicial punishment (NJP; called "office hours" in the Marines). It is usually punished by Court Martial for repeat or more severe offenses.
Also, "Missing Movement" is another term which is used to describe when a particular servicemember fails to arrive at the appointed time to deploy (or "move out") with their assigned
unit,
ship, or
aircraft; in the
United States military, it is a violation of the 87th article of the
Uniform Code of Military Justice. The offense is similar to AWOL, but considered more severe.
Less severe is "Failure to Repair," consisting of missing a formation, or failing to appear at an assigned place and time when so ordered.